Bibliography · global

References.

Every citation used across the ExplainmyERMI website and the PDF interpretation report. Each entry is a clickable link: books link to the publisher, institutional reports link to the issuing body (WHO, IARC, NAP, EPA, EFSA, HUD, ASHRAE…), websites link to the website, and journal papers link to their DOI.

94 unique sources · 52 cited on the website · 44 cited in the report · 2 cited in both.

All references

Sorted alphabetically by author. The “Used in” column shows where each citation is referenced, on the web, in the PDF, or both.

  1. Abellana M, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ. Effect of water activity and temperature on growth of three Penicillium species and Aspergillus flavus on a sponge cake analogue. Int J Food Microbiol. 2001;71(2–3):151–157.
    Used on website
  2. Adan OCG. On the fungal defacement of interior finishes. PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology; 1994.
    Used in reportSubstrate-risk and Time-of-Wetness
  3. Andersen B, Frisvad JC, Søndergaard I, Rasmussen IS, Larsen LS. Associations between fungal species and water-damaged building materials. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77(12):4180–4188.
    Used on website
  4. Andersen B, Hollensted M. Metabolite production by different Ulocladium species. Int J Food Microbiol. 2008;126(1–2):172–179.
    Used on website
  5. Andersen B, Nielsen KF, Jarvis BB. Characterization of Stachybotrys from water-damaged buildings based on morphology, growth, and secondary metabolites. Mycologia. 2002;94(3):392–403.
    Used in reportStachybotrys and Hydrophilic Mold Biology
  6. Ashley PJ, Alevantis L, Bloom A, Breysse P, Camann D, et al. Healthy Homes Issues: Mold. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. American Healthy Homes Survey (AHHS), Phase 1 dataset; 2006.
    Used in reportAmerican Healthy Homes Survey (AHHS)
  7. ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 160-2021: Criteria for Moisture-Control Design Analysis in Buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE; 2021.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  8. ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta: ASHRAE; 2017.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  9. ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2022: Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE; 2022.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  10. ASHRAE. ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals. Chapter 37: Moisture Management in Buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE; 2025.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  11. ASHRAE. ASHRAE Position Document on Limiting Indoor Mold and Dampness in Buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE; 2020.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  12. ASHRAE. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2022: Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Section 5.12: Limiting Indoor Dampness and Mold. Atlanta: ASHRAE; 2022.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  13. Association of the Wall and Ceiling Industry. Building Science: Moisture Migration. AWCI Technical Manual. Falls Church, VA: AWCI; 2023.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  14. Ayerst G. The effects of moisture and temperature on growth and spore germination in some fungi. J Stored Products Res. 1969;5(2):127–141.
    Used in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  15. Bennett JW, Klich M. Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(3):497–516.
    Used on website
  16. Bentley R. Mycophenolic acid: a one hundred year odyssey from antibiotic to immunosuppressant. Chem Rev. 2000;100:3801–3826.
    Used on website
  17. Bloom E, Bal K, Nyman E, Must A, Larsson L. Mass spectrometry-based strategy for direct detection and quantification of some mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys and Aspergillus spp. in indoor environments. Indoor Air. 2009;19:153–158.
    Used on website
  18. Cairns-Fuller V, Aldred D, Magan N. Water, temperature and gas composition interactions affect growth and ochratoxin A production by isolates of Penicillium verrucosum on wheat grain. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99:1215–1221.
    Used on website
  19. Cho SH, Seo SC, Schmechel D, Grinshpun SA, Reponen T. Aerodynamic characteristics and respiratory deposition of fungal fragments. Atmos Environ. 2005;39(30):5454–5465.
    Used in reportIndoor Aerosol Exposure
  20. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems. Task Force Report 139. Ames, IA: CAST; 2003.
    Used on website
  21. Duarte SC, Pena A, Lino CM. A review on ochratoxin A occurrence and effects of processing of cereal and cereal-derived food products. Food Microbiol. 2010;27:187–198.
    Used on website
  22. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Scientific opinion on ochratoxin A in food. EFSA Journal. 2020;18(5):6113.
    Used on website
  23. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Scientific opinion on the risks for public and animal health related to the presence of citrinin in food and feed. EFSA Journal. 2012;10(3):2605.
    Used on website
  24. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. Scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food. EFSA Journal. 2011;9(6):2197.
    Used on website
  25. Engelhart S, Loock A, Skutlarek D, Sagunski H, Lommel A, Färber H, Exner M. Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus versicolor isolates and sterigmatocystin in carpet dust from damp indoor environments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(8):3886–3890.
    Used on website
  26. Flajs D, Peraica M. Toxicological properties of citrinin. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2009;60:457–464.
    Used on website
  27. Flannigan B, Miller JD. Microbial growth in indoor environments. In: Microorganisms in Home and Indoor Work Environments. London: Taylor & Francis; 2001:35–67.
    Used in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  28. García D, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V, Marín S. Modelling mould growth under suboptimal environmental conditions and inoculum size. Int J Food Microbiol. 2011;147(1):72–79.
    Used on website
  29. Gock MA, Hocking AD, Pitt JI, Poulos PG. Influence of temperature, water activity and pH on growth of some xerophilic fungi. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003;81(1):11–19.
    Used in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  30. Grant C, Hunter CA, Flannigan B, Bravery AF. The moisture requirements of moulds isolated from domestic dwellings. Int Biodeterioration. 1989;25(4):259–284.
    Used in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  31. Gravesen S, Frisvad JC, Samson RA. Microfungi. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1994. (Species-level Aw data for indoor molds; cited in WHO 2009 Table 1.)
    Used in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  32. Górny RL, Reponen T, Willeke K, Schmechel D, Robine E, Boissier M, Grinshpun SA. Fungal fragments as indoor air biocontaminants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(7):3522–3531.
    Used in reportIndoor Aerosol Exposure
  33. Harriman LG, Lstiburek JW. The ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid Climates, 2nd Edition. Atlanta: ASHRAE; 2009.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  34. Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P, et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q J R Meteorol Soc. 2020;146(730):1999–2049.
    Used in reportClimate Data Source
  35. Hintikka EL. The role of Stachybotrys in the phenomenon known as sick building syndrome. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2004;55:155–173.
    Used in reportStachybotrys and Hydrophilic Mold Biology
  36. Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ). Fungi: Fusarium spp. Fact sheet. Québec: INSPQ.
    Used on website
  37. Institut national de santé publique du Québec. Stachybotrys chartarum: Fact Sheet. 2013.
    Used in reportStachybotrys and Hydrophilic Mold Biology
  38. Institute of Medicine. Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004.
    Used on website
  39. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 10. Lyon: IARC; 1976.
    Used on website
  40. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 56: Some Naturally Occurring Substances. Lyon: IARC; 1993.
    Used on website
  41. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 82. Lyon: IARC; 2002.
    Used on website
  42. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 82: Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene. Lyon: IARC; 2002.
    Used on website
  43. International Code Council. International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) 2021. Country Club Hills, IL: ICC; 2021.
    Used in reportIECC Climate Zones
  44. Jarvis BB, Sorenson WG, Hintikka EL, et al. Study of toxin production by isolates of Stachybotrys chartarum and Memnoniella echinata from a water-damaged building. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64:3620–3625.
    Used on website
  45. Jarvis BB, Zhou Y, Wang S, Sorenson WG, Hintikka EL, Nikulin M, Parikka P, Etzel RA, Dearborn DG. Toxigenic molds in water-damaged buildings: dechlorogriseofulvins from Memnoniella echinata. J Nat Prod. 1996;59:553–554.
    Used on website
  46. Kalai S, Anzala L, Bensoussan M, Dantigny P. Modelling the effect of temperature, pH, water activity, and organic acids on the germination time of Penicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti conidia. Int J Food Microbiol. 2017;240:124–130.
    Used on website
  47. Kamal A, Burke J, Vesper S, Batterman S, Vette A, Godwin C, Chavez-Camarena M, Norris G. Applicability of the Environmental Relative Moldiness Index for Quantification of Residential Mold Contamination in an Air Pollution Health Effects Study. J Environ Public Health. 2014;2014:261357.
    Used in reportERMI Origination and Methodology
  48. Lewis RE, Wiederhold NP, Chi J, Han XY, Komanduri KV, Kontoyiannis DP, Prince RA. Detection of gliotoxin in experimental and human aspergillosis. Infect Immun. 2005;73(1):635–637.
    Used on website
  49. Lstiburek JW, Carmody J. Moisture Control Handbook: Principles and Practices for Residential and Small Commercial Buildings. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy; 1994.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  50. Lstiburek JW. Humidity control in the humid south. Workshop Proceedings: Bugs, Mold & Rot II. Westford, MA: Building Science Corporation; 1993.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  51. Lstiburek JW. Slide Rules, Pocket Protectors, Cigarettes and an Iconic Building Science Image. Building Science Insights BSI-149. Westford, MA: Building Science Corporation; 2024.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  52. Lstiburek JW. The Perfect Wall. Building Science Insights BSI-001. Westford, MA: Building Science Corporation; 2010.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  53. Lund F, Frisvad JC. Penicillium verrucosum in wheat and barley indicates presence of ochratoxin A. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;95:1117–1123.
    Used on website
  54. Marasas WF. Discovery and occurrence of the fumonisins: a historical perspective. Environ Health Perspect. 2001;109(suppl 2):239–243.
    Used on website
  55. Marín S, Sanchis V, Magan N. Water activity, temperature, and pH effects on growth of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum isolates from maize. Can J Microbiol. 1995;41:1063–1070.
    Used on website
  56. Meklin T, Haugland RA, Reponen T, Varma M, Lummus Z, Bernstein D, Wymer LJ, Vesper SJ. Quantitative PCR analysis of house dust can reveal abnormal mold conditions. J Environ Monit. 2004;6(7):615–620.
    Used on website
  57. Miller JD, McMullin DR. Fungal secondary metabolites as harmful indoor air contaminants: 10 years on. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014;98(24):9953–9966.
    Used on website
  58. Moake MM, Padilla-Zakour OI, Worobo RW. Comprehensive review of patulin control methods in foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2005;4:8–21.
    Used on website
  59. Nielsen KF, Andersen B. Evaluation of media for detection of Stachybotrys and Chaetomium species associated with water-damaged buildings. Int Biodeterioration Biodegradation. 2000;46(2):111–116.
    Used in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  60. Nielsen KF, Gravesen S, Nielsen PA, Andersen B, Thrane U, Frisvad JC. Production of mycotoxins on artificially and naturally infested building materials. Mycopathologia. 1999;145:43–56.
    Used on website
  61. Nielsen KF. Mycotoxin production by indoor molds. Fungal Genet Biol. 2003;39(2):103–117.
    Used on website
  62. Northolt MD, van Egmond HP, Paulsch WE. Ochratoxin A production by some fungal species in relation to water activity and temperature. J Food Prot. 1979;42:485–490.
    Used on website
  63. Open-Meteo. Historical Weather API: ERA5 Reanalysis Data. 2024. Dew point 2m above surface, hourly resolution.
    Used in reportClimate Data Source
  64. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Guide to Determining Climate Zone by County: Building America and IECC 2021 Updates. PNNL-33270. U.S. Department of Energy, Building America Solution Center; 2021.
    Used in reportIECC Climate Zones
  65. Pardo E, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V, Marín S. Modelling of effects of water activity and temperature on germination and growth of ochratoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus ochraceus on a green coffee-based medium. Food Addit Contam. 2006;23:398–410.
    Used on website
  66. Pasanen AL, Kasanen JP, Rautiala S, Ikäheimo M, Rantamäki J, Kääriäinen H, Kalliokoski P. Fungal growth and survival in building materials under fluctuating moisture and temperature conditions. Int Biodeterioration Biodegradation. 2000;46:117–127.
    Used in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  67. Pestka JJ. Mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced gene expression and apoptosis. Toxicol Sci. 2008;104(1):4–26.
    Used on website
  68. Pitt JI, Hocking AD. Fungi and Food Spoilage. 2nd ed. London: Blackie Academic; 1997.
    Used on website
  69. Pitt JI, Hocking AD. Fungi and Food Spoilage. 3rd ed. New York: Springer; 2009.
    Used on websiteUsed in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  70. Puel O, Galtier P, Oswald IP. Biosynthesis and toxicological effects of patulin. Toxins. 2010;2(4):613–631.
    Used on website
  71. Reponen T, Vesper S, Levin L, Johansson E, Ryan P, Burkle J, Grinshpun SA, Zheng S, Bernstein DI, Lockey J, Villareal M, Khurana Hershey GK, LeMasters G. High environmental relative moldiness index during infancy as a predictor of asthma at 7 years of age. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;107(2):120–126.
    Used in reportAmerican Healthy Homes Survey (AHHS)
  72. Samson RA, Hoekstra ES, Frisvad JC (Eds.). Introduction to Food- and Airborne Fungi, 7th Edition. Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures; 2004.
    Used in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  73. Samson RA, Houbraken J, Thrane U, Frisvad JC, Andersen B. Food and Indoor Fungi. Utrecht: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre; 2010.
    Used on website
  74. Schmidt-Heydt M, Rüfer CE, Abdel-Hadi A, Magan N, Geisen R. The production of aflatoxin B1 or G1 by Aspergillus parasiticus at various combinations of temperature and water activity. Mycotoxin Res. 2010;26:241–246.
    Used on website
  75. Sedlbauer K. Prediction of mould fungus formation on the surface of and inside building components. PhD thesis, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics; 2001.
    Used in reportSubstrate-risk and Time-of-Wetness
  76. Shoemaker RC, House D, Ryan JC. Structural brain abnormalities in patients with inflammatory illness acquired following exposure to water-damaged buildings: a volumetric MRI study using NeuroQuant. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2014;45:18–26.
    Used in reportHERTSMI-2
  77. Shoemaker RC, Lark D. HERTSMI-2 and ERMI: Correlating Human Health Risk with Mold Specific qPCR in Water-Damaged Buildings. 6th International Scientific Conference on Bioaerosols, Fungi, Bacteria, Mycotoxins in Indoor and Outdoor Environments and Human Health; 2016. (Original publication of the HERTSMI-2 scoring methodology.)
    Used in reportHERTSMI-2
  78. Shoemaker RC, Mark L, McMahon S, Thrasher JD, Grimes C. Research Committee Report on Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Caused by Exposure to the Interior Environment of Water-Damaged Buildings. Surviving Mold; 2010.
    Used on website
  79. Stanzani M, Orciuolo E, Lewis R, et al. Aspergillus fumigatus suppresses the human cellular immune response via gliotoxin-mediated apoptosis of monocytes. Blood. 2005;105(6):2258–2265.
    Used on website
  80. SurvivingMold.com. HERTSMI-2 Scoring and Interpretation.
    Used in reportHERTSMI-2
  81. Tannous J, Atoui A, El Khoury A, Snini SP, Lippi Y, El Khoury R, Atoui A, Lteif A, Oswald IP, Puel O. A study on the physicochemical parameters for Penicillium expansum growth and patulin production: effect of temperature, pH, and water activity. Food Sci Nutr. 2016;4(4):611–622.
    Used on website
  82. Tannous J, El Khoury R, Snini SP, Lippi Y, El Khoury A, Atoui A, Lteif A, Oswald IP, Puel O. Sequencing, physical organization and kinetic expression of the patulin biosynthetic gene cluster from Penicillium expansum. Int J Food Microbiol. 2014;189:51–60.
    Used on website
  83. Tournas V. Heat-resistant fungi of importance to the food and beverage industry. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1994;20(4):243–263.
    Used on website
  84. Tsongas GA, Riordan F. Minimum conditions for visible mold growth. ASHRAE Journal. 2016;58(9):32–37.
    Used in reportBuilding Science and Dew Point Thresholds
  85. Vaamonde G, Patriarca A, Fernández Pinto V, Comerio R, Degrossi C. Variability of aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production by Aspergillus section flavi from different substrates in Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol. 2003 Nov 15;88(1):79-84.
    Used on website
  86. Vesper SJ, McKinstry C, Haugland RA, et al. Development of an Environmental Relative Moldiness Index for U.S. homes. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49(8):829–833.
    Used on website
  87. Vesper SJ, McKinstry C, Haugland RA, Iossifova Y, Lemasters G, Levin L, Khurana Hershey GK, Villareal M, Bernstein DI, Lockey J, Reponen T. Relative moldiness index as predictor of childhood respiratory illness. J Exposure Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2007;17(1):88–94.
    Used in reportERMI Origination and Methodology
  88. Vesper SJ, McKinstry C, Haugland RA, Wymer L, Bradham K, Ashley P, Cox D, Dewalt G, Friedman W. Development of an Environmental Relative Moldiness Index based on US Homes. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49(8):829–833.
    Used in reportERMI Origination and Methodology
  89. Vesper SJ, Wymer LJ. The relationship between environmental relative moldiness index values and asthma. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2016;219(3):233–238.
    Used in reportERMI Origination and Methodology
  90. Viitanen H, Ojanen T, Peuhkuri R, Lahti K, Makkonen L, Frueh WT. Improved model to predict mold growth in building materials. Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Whole Buildings XI Conference Proceedings; 2010.
    Used in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  91. Voss KA, Smith GW, Haschek WM. Fumonisins: toxicokinetics, mechanism of action and toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45:1–17.
    Used on website
  92. Wheeler MH, Stipanovic RD. Melanin biosynthesis and the metabolism of flaviolin and 2-hydroxyjuglone in Wangiella dermatitidis. Arch Microbiol. 1985;142:234–241.
    Used on website
  93. World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2009.
    Used on websiteUsed in reportMold Water Activity and Building Materials
  94. Zinedine A, Soriano JM, Moltó JC, Mañes J. Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: an oestrogenic mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45:1–18.
    Used on website